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Great ape personhood is a movement to extend personhood and some legal protections to the non-human members of the Hominidae or great ape family: chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.〔Bhagwat, S. B. ''Foundation of Geology''. Global Vision, 2009, pp. 232–235: ::"The Hominidae form a taxonomic family, including four extant genera: humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans." :Groves, Colin P. "Great Apes: The Conflict of Gene-Pools, Conservation and Personhood" in Emily Rousham, Leonard Freedman, and Rayma Pervan. ''Perspectives in Human Biology: Humans in the Australasian Region''. World Scientific, 1996, p. 31: ::"The recognition that we as a species are not phylogenetically separated from other animals, but are nested within the primate group known as the Great Apes, is no longer controversial. Goodman (1963) proposed on this basis to include the great apes (orang utan, gorilla and chimpanzee) in the family Hominidate, a view revived by Groves (1986) and increasingly adopted since then. Increasingly, too, the vernacular term 'Great Apes' has come to be used as a pure synonym for Hominidae, so that humans are also 'Great Apes.' The only remaining systemic controversy seems to be whether chimpanzees and gorillas together form the sister-group of humans, or chimpanzees and humans together constitute the sister-group of gorillas." :Karcher, Karen. "The Great Ape Project" in Marc Bekoff (ed.). ''The Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare''. Greenwood, 2009, pp. 185–187: ::"The Great Ape Project (GAP) seeks to extend the scope of three basic moral principles to all members of what the GAP founders call the five great ape species (humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans)."〕 Advocates include primatologists Jane Goodall and Dawn Prince-Hughes, evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, philosophers Paola Cavalieri and Peter Singer, and legal scholar Steven Wise.〔Goodall, Jane in Paola Cavalieri & Peter Singer (eds.) ''The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity''. St Martin's Griffin, 1994. :Dawkins, Richard. ("Gaps in the Mind" ) in Paola Cavalieri & Peter Singer (eds.) ''The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity''. St Martin's Griffin, 1994. :Cavalieri, Paola & Singer, Peter (eds.) ''The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity''. St Martin's Griffin, 1994. :Motavalli, Jim. ("Rights from Wrongs. A Movement to Grant Legal Protection to Animals is Gathering Force" ), ''E Magazine'', March/April 2003.〕 ==Status== On February 28, 2007 the parliament of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous community of Spain, passed the world's first legislation that would effectively grant legal personhood rights to all great apes. The act sent ripples out of the region and across Spain, producing public support for the rights of great apes. On June 25, 2008 a parliamentary committee set forth resolutions urging Spain to grant the primates the rights to life and liberty. If approved "it will ban harmful experiments on apes and make keeping them for circuses, television commercials, or filming illegal under Spain's penal code." These precedents followed years of European legal efforts. In 1992, Switzerland amended its constitution to recognize animals as ''beings'' and not ''things''. However, in 1999 the Swiss constitution was completely rewritten. A decade later, Germany guaranteed rights to animals in a 2002 amendment to its constitution, becoming the first European Union member to do so.〔 New Zealand granted strong protections to five great ape species in 1999. Their use is now forbidden in research, testing, or teaching. Some argue that New Zealand's protections amount to a form of weak legal rights.〔("A STEP AT A TIME: NEW ZEALAND'S PROGRESS TOWARD HOMINID RIGHTS" BY ROWAN TAYLOR )〕 Several European countries (including Austria, the Netherlands and Sweden) completely banned the use of great apes in animal testings.〔http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXII/I/I_00993/fnameorig_043770.html〕 Argentina granted a captive orangutan basic human rights, starting from late 2014. On April 20, 2015, Justice Barbara Jaffe of New York State Supreme Court ordered a writ of habeas corpus to two captive chimpanzees. On April 21, the ruling was amended to strike the words "writ of habeas corpus". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Great ape personhood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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